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　　A sweeping, first-of-its-kind history of the creation of

modern Italy

The birth of modern Italy was a messy affair. Inspired by a small

group of writers, intellectuals, and politicians, Italy struggled

in the first half of the nineteenth century to unite all Italians

under one rule, throwing aside a multitude of corrupt old rulers

and foreign occupiers. In the midst of this turmoil, Italian

politicians felt compelled by a “force of destiny” hideously at

odds with Italian reality. After great sacrifice Italy was finally

unified -- and turned out to be just as fragile, impoverished, and

backward as it had been before. The resentments this created led to

Italy’s destructive role in World War I, the subsequent rise of

Mussolini and authoritarianism in the 1920s and ’30s, and the

nation's humiliating defeat in World War II. This haunting legacy

deeply informs the Italy of today.

Christopher Duggan skillfully interweaves Italy's art, music,

literature, and architecture with its economic and social realities

and political development to tell this extraordinary European

story. The first English-language book to cover the full scope of

modern Italy, from its origins more than two hundred years ago to

the present, The Force of Destiny is a brilliant and comprehensive

study -- and a frightening example of how easily nation-building

and nationalism can slip toward authoritarianism and war.

List of Illustrations xi List of Maps xiii Preface xv

Part One: Awakening, 1796–1815 1 Deliverance, 1796–9 3 2 Searching

for the Nation’s Soul 24 3 Conspiracy and Resistance

Part Two: Preaching, 1815–46 4 Restoration, Romanticism and Revolt,

1815–30 71 5 Fractured Past and Fractured Present 90 6 Apostles and

Martyrs: Mazzini and the Democrats, 1830–44 116 7 Educators and

Reformers: The Moderates

Part Three: Poetry, 1846–60 8 Revolution, 1846–9 165 9 Piedmont and

Cavour 181 10 Unity, 1858–60

Part Four: Prose, 1861–87 11 The New State 217 12 The Road to Rome,

1861–70 242 13 The Threat from the South, 1870–85 259 14 National

Education 274 15 Sources of Authority: King, Church and Parliament,

1870–87

Part Five: War, 1887–1918 16 Francesco Crispi and the ‘New European

Order’, 1887–91 323 17 The Fin de Siccle Crisis 338 18 Rival

Religions: Socialism and Catholicism 350 19 Nationalism 374 20 The

Great War, 1915–18

Part Six: Fascism, 1919–43 21 Civil War and the Advent of Fascism,

1919–22 407 22 The Establishment of a Dictatorship, 1922–5 433 23

The Fascist Ethical State 449 24 Community of Believers 475 25 A

Place in the Sun, 1929–36 488 26 Into the Abyss, 1936–43

Part Seven: Parties 27 The Foundations of the Republic, 1943–57 529

28 The Economic Miracle, 1958–75 548 29 Towards the‘Second

Republic’

References 588 Index

　　CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN is a professor and director of the Center

for Modern Italian History at the University of Reading, Great

Britain. The author of several books on Italian history, his

writing has appeared in the New York Times, American Historical

Review, English Historical Review, and the Times Literary

Supplement.

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本书希望探索在过去两个世纪里，民族主义观念如何在意大利发展壮大，并考察政治家、学者等群体为弥合想象的共同体与现实之间的鸿沟而提出的部分方案（尽管所谓现实本身也常常是想象的产物，而非客观描述）。鉴于历史中思想与情感的源流纵横交错、无穷无尽，一切作品不可避免地仅能构建起关于精神与物质世界之间复杂互动的部分图景；而人与人之间对问题的不同见解与反应模式，也意味着书中关于某些层面的讨论必然存在缺失和不足。不过，我希望在叙述过程中阐明，该用何种术语来表述意大利民族的难题为何会在其近代历史中反复出现，我们虽不应将这些民族国家的术语当作历史发展的必然产物，但它们仍应被视为构成历史图景的要素与模型，而历史学者的任务就是对它们进行辨认和区分。

马志尼的目标是制造信仰，而信仰又是一种建立在希望与简单准则之上的天然直觉（“要记住，宗教是人民的一种欲望与需求”），平淡枯燥的分析并无益处。

书籍介绍

A sweeping, first-of-its-kind history of the creation of modern Italy

The birth of modern Italy was a messy affair. Inspired by a small group of writers, intellectuals, and politicians, Italy struggled in the first half of the nineteenth century to unite all Italians under one rule, throwing aside a multitude of corrupt old rulers and foreign occupiers. In the midst of this turmoil, Italian politicians felt compelled by a force of destiny” hideously at odds with Italian reality. After great sacrifice Italy was finally unified -- and turned out to be just as fragile, impoverished, and backward as it had been before. The resentments this created led to Italy’s destructive role in World War I, the subsequent rise of Mussolini and authoritarianism in the 1920s and ’30s, and the nation's humiliating defeat in World War II. This haunting legacy deeply informs the Italy of today.

Christopher Duggan skillfully interweaves Italy's art, music, literature, and architecture with its economic and social realities and political development to tell this extraordinary European story. The first English-language book to cover the full scope of modern Italy, from its origins more than two hundred years ago to the present, The Force of Destiny is a brilliant and comprehensive study -- and a frightening example of how easily nation-building and nationalism can slip toward authoritarianism and war.