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如果你需要分析或处理Linux或Unix中的文本数据，这本有用的书籍就向你讲解了如何使用flex和bison迅速解决问题。《flex与bison》被期待已久，是经典O’Reilly系列书籍《lex & yacc》的续篇。在原书出版以来的近20年中，flex和bison已被证明比原来的Unix工具更可靠、更强大。

《flex与bison》一书涵盖了Linux和Unix程序开发中相同的重要核心功能，以及一些重要的新主题。你会找到适用于新手的修订教程和适用于高级用户的参考资料，以及对每个程序的基本用法的解释，并且运用它们创建简单、独立的应用程序。有了《flex与bison》，你会发现这些灵活的工具提供的广泛用途。

Preface

1. Introducing Flex and Bison

Lexical Analysis and Parsing

Regular Expressions and Scanning

Our First Flex Program

Programs in Plain Flex

Putting Flex and Bison Together

The Scanner as Coroutine

Tokens and Values

Grammars and Parsing

BNF Grammars

Bison’s Rule Input Language

Compiling Flex and Bison Programs Together

Ambiguous Grammars: Not Quite

Adding a Few More Rules

Flex and Bison vs. Handwritten Scanners and Parsers

Exercises

2. Using Flex

Regular Expressions

Regular Expression Examples

How Flex Handles Ambiguous Patterns

Context-Dependent Tokens

File I/O in Flex Scanners

Reading Several Files

The I/O Structure of a Flex Scanner

Input to a Flex Scanner

Flex Scanner Output

Start States and Nested Input Files

Symbol Tables and a Concordance Generator

Managing Symbol Tables

Using a Symbol Table

C Language Cross-Reference

Exercises

3. Using Bison

How a Bison Parser Matches Its Input

Shift/Reduce Parsing

What Bison’s LALR(1) Parser Cannot Parse

A Bison Parser

Abstract Syntax Trees

An Improved Calculator That Creates ASTs

Literal Character Tokens

Building the AST Calculator

Shift/Reduce Conflicts and Operator Precedence

When Not to Use Precedence Rules

An Advanced Calculator

Advanced Calculator Parser

Calculator Statement Syntax

Calculator Expression Syntax

Top-Level Calculator Grammar

Basic Parser Error Recovery

The Advanced Calculator Lexer

Reserved Words

Building and Interpreting ASTs

Evaluating Functions in the Calculator

User-Defined Functions

Using the Advanced Calculator

Exercises

4. Parsing SQL

A Quick Overview of SQL

Relational Databases

Manipulating Relations

Three Ways to Use SQL

SQL to RPN

The Lexer

Scanning SQL Keywords

Scanning Numbers

Scanning Operators and Punctuation

Scanning Functions and Names

Comments and Miscellany

The Parser

The Top-Level Parsing Rules

SQL Expressions

Select Statements

Delete Statement

Insert and Replace Statements

Update Statement

Create Database

Create Table

User Variables

The Parser Routines

The Makefile for the SQL Parser

Exercises

5. A Reference for Flex Specifications

Structure of a Flex Specification

Definition Section

Rules Section

User Subroutines

BEGIN

C++ Scanners

Context Sensitivity

Left Context

Right Context

Definitions (Substitutions)

ECHO

Input Management

Stdio File Chaining

Input Buffers

Input from Strings

File Nesting

input()

YY_INPUT

Flex Library

Interactive and Batch Scanners

Line Numbers and yylineno

Literal Block

Multiple Lexers in One Program

Combined Lexers

Multiple Lexers

Options When Building a Scanner

Portability of Flex Lexers

Porting Generated C Lexers

Reentrant Scanners

Extra Data for Reentrant Scanners

Access to Reentrant Scanner Data

Reentrant Scanners, Nested Files, and Multiple Scanners

Using Reentrant Scanners with Bison

Regular Expression Syntax

Metacharacters

REJECT

Returning Values from yylex()

Start States

unput()

yyinput() yyunput()

yyleng

yyless()

yylex() and YY_DECL

yymore()

yyrestart()

yy_scan_string and yy_scan_buffer

YY_USER_ACTION

yywrap()

6. A Reference for Bison Specifications

Structure of a Bison Grammar

Symbols

Definition Section

Rules Section

User Subroutines Section

Actions

Embedded Actions

Symbol Types for Embedded Actions

Ambiguity and Conflicts

Types of Conflicts

Shift/Reduce Conflicts

Reduce/Reduce Conflicts

%expect

GLR Parsers

Bugs in Bison Programs

Infinite Recursion

Interchanging Precedence

Embedded Actions

C++ Parsers

%code Blocks

End Marker

Error Token and Error Recovery

%destructor

Inherited Attributes ($0)

Symbol Types for Inherited Attributes

%initial-action

Lexical Feedback

Literal Block

Literal Tokens

Locations

%parse-param

Portability of Bison Parsers

Porting Bison Grammars

Porting Generated C Parsers

Libraries

Character Codes

Precedence and Associativity Declarations

Precedence

Associativity

Precedence Declarations

Using Precedence and Associativity to Resolve Conflicts

Typical Uses of Precedence

Recursive Rules

Left and Right Recursion

Rules

Special Characters

%start Declaration

Symbol Values

Declaring Symbol Types

Explicit Symbol Types

Tokens

Token Numbers

Token Values

%type Declaration

%union Declaration

Variant and Multiple Grammars

Combined Parsers

Multiple Parsers

Using %name-prefix or the -p Flag

Lexers for Multiple Parsers

Pure Parsers

y.output Files

Bison Library

main()

yyerror()

YYABORT

YYACCEPT

YYBACKUP

yyclearin

yydebug and YYDEBUG

YYDEBUG

yydebug

yyerrok

YYERROR

yyerror()

yyparse()

YYRECOVERING()

7. Ambiguities and Conflicts

The Pointer Model and Conflicts

Kinds of Conflicts

Parser States

Contents of name.output

Reduce/Reduce Conflicts

Shift/Reduce Conflicts

Review of Conflicts in name.output

Common Examples of Conflicts

Expression Grammars

IF/THEN/ELSE

Nested List Grammar

How Do You Fix the Conflict?

IF/THEN/ELSE (Shift/Reduce)

Loop Within a Loop (Shift/Reduce)

Expression Precedence (Shift/Reduce)

Limited Lookahead (Shift/Reduce or Reduce/Reduce)

Overlap of Alternatives (Reduce/Reduce)

Summary

Exercises

8. Error Reporting and Recovery

Error Reporting

Locations

Adding Locations to the Parser

Adding Locations to the Lexer

More Sophisticated Locations with Filenames

Error Recovery

Bison Error Recovery

Freeing Discarded Symbols

Error Recovery in Interactive Parsers

Where to Put Error Tokens

Compiler Error Recovery

Exercises

9. Advanced Flex and Bison

Pure Scanners and Parsers

Pure Scanners in Flex

Pure Parsers in Bison

Using Pure Scanners and Parsers Together

A Reentrant Calculator

GLR Parsing

GLR Version of the SQL Parser

C++ Parsers

A C++ Calculator

C++ Parser Naming

A C++ Parser

Interfacing a Scanner with a C++ Parser

Should You Write Your Parser in C++ ?

Exercises

Appendix: SQL Parser Grammar and Cross-Reference

Glossary

Index

John Levine, Taughannock Networks的创始人，著有20余本技术书籍，其中包括《lex & yacc》和《qmail》，均为O’Reilly出版。

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calclist: /* nothing */

| calclist exp EOL { printf("= %dn", $1); }

;

SQL strings are enclosed in single quotes, using a pair of quotes to represent a single quote in the string

Bison并不分析任何的C代码，。。。

正确使用YYBACKUP()非常困难，。。。

接受不正确的输入然后把它报告为一个错误。。。

早期的错误恢复。。。再次运行程序所需要的等待时间。。。

书籍介绍

如果你需要分析或处理Linux或Unix中的文本数据，这本有用的书籍就向你讲解了如何使用flex和bison迅速解决问题。《flex与bison》被期待已久，是经典O’Reilly系列书籍《lex & yacc》的续篇。在原书出版以来的近20年中，flex和bison已被证明比原来的Unix工具更可靠、更强大。

《flex与bison》一书涵盖了Linux和Unix程序开发中相同的重要核心功能，以及一些重要的新主题。你会找到适用于新手的修订教程和适用于高级用户的参考资料，以及对每个程序的基本用法的解释，并且运用它们创建简单、独立的应用程序。有了《flex与bison》，你会发现这些灵活的工具提供的广泛用途。