LOST TO THE WEST(ISBN=9780307407962) pdf pdb 阿里云 极速 mobi caj kindle 下载

　　In AD 476 the Roman Empire fell–or rather, its western half

did. Its eastern half, which would come to be known as the

Byzantine Empire, would endure and often flourish for another

eleven centuries. Though its capital would move to Constantinople,

its citizens referred to themselves as Roman for the entire

duration of the empire’s existence. Indeed, so did its neighbors,

allies, and enemies: When the Turkish Sultan Mehmet II conquered

Constantinople in 1453, he took the title Caesar of Rome, placing

himself in a direct line that led back to Augustus.

For far too many otherwise historically savvy people today, the

story of the Byzantine civilization is something of a void. Yet for

more than a millennium, Byzantium reigned as the glittering seat of

Christian civilization. When Europe fell into the Dark Ages,

Byzantium held fast against Muslim expansion, keeping Christianity

alive. When literacy all but vanished in the West, Byzantium made

primary education available to both sexes. Students debated the

merits of Plato and Aristotle and commonly committed the entirety

of Homer’s Iliad to memory. Streams of wealth flowed into

Constantinople, making possible unprecedented wonders of art and

architecture, from fabulous jeweled mosaics and other iconography

to the great church known as the Hagia Sophia that was a vision of

heaven on earth. The dome of the Great Palace stood nearly two

hundred feet high and stretched over four acres, and the city’s

population was more than twenty times that of London’s.

From Constantine, who founded his eponymous city in the year 330,

to Constantine XI, who valiantly fought the empire’s final battle

more than a thousand years later, the emperors who ruled Byzantium

enacted a saga of political intrigue and conquest as astonishing as

anything in recorded history. Lost to the West is replete with

stories of assassination, mass mutilation and execution, sexual

scheming, ruthless grasping for power, and clashing armies that

soaked battlefields with the blood of slain warriors numbering in

the tens of thousands.

Still, it was Byzantium that preserved for us today the great

gifts of the classical world. Of the 55,000 ancient Greek texts in

existence today, some 40,000 were transmitted to us by Byzantine

scribes. And it was the Byzantine Empire that shielded Western

Europe from invasion until it was ready to take its own place at

the center of the world stage. Filled with unforgettable stories of

emperors, generals, and religious patriarchs, as well as

fascinating glimpses into the life of the ordinary citizen, Lost to

the West reveals how much we owe to this empire that was the equal

of any in its achievements, appetites, and enduring legacy.

From the Hardcover edition.

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Lars Brownworth created the genre-defining "12 Byzantine Rulers" podcast, which prompted the New York Times to liken him to some of history's great popularizers. Recently, he authored "Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization". He speaks at various conferences and is currently working on a new podcast that brings to life the reign of the Normans.

Lars Brownworth

http://larsbrownworth.com/

Finding History Blog:

http://larsbrownworth.com/blog/

Podcasts:

http://12byzantinerulers.com/

http://normancenturies.com/

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在他不在場的情況下，為了保證巴爾幹地區豪富階級的忠誠，穆拉德二世時常派出自己的兒子做為人質。....

To ensure the loyalty of Balkan magnates in his absence, Murad II often took their sons a hostages.

帝国的末代皇帝没有选择投降，也未曾背弃他的理想，而是力战至死，因而得以与手下的战士们在同一处安眠。这位48岁的拜占庭皇帝充满骄傲、英勇万分，为整个帝国带来了最终的圆满。正如第一个统治这座博斯普鲁斯海峡边城市的人一样，他同样名为君士坦丁，有一位名为海伦娜的母亲，在国家危亡的时刻，他当之无愧能够与查士丁尼大帝比肩。

巴西尔二世与他的人民关系始终谈不上多么亲近，他从不允许自己在全身心投入国家大事的时候为其他事情分心。他让众多敌国统治者都屈服于在自己脚下，让他的敌人闻风丧胆；他为穷苦大众提供庇护，让他们反抗贵族阶级的压迫。尽管为国家奉献了如此之多，巴西尔二世却依然保持着冷漠疏离的态度，他谷物人民，受到人民的歌颂，但从不真心付出爱意。他的心思始终与众不同，可以说与拜占庭人的普遍心态相去甚远，或许更类似于他的斯巴达人祖先，但并不具备他出身的贵族阶级的朦胧神学观念。正如那个曾经的反叛者多年前向他建议的那样，没有任何男人或女人能够分享他肩上的重担。虽然他的统治经受住了众多考验，他依然如此杰出，也依然如此遥远——毫无疑问，他是曾经登上拜占庭皇位的最孤独的人。

這個舉措壓垮了幾乎全部他的繼任者。

a task that had overwhelmed all of his immediate predecessors.

书籍介绍

In AD 476 the Roman Empire fell–or rather, its western half did. Its eastern half, which would come to be known as the Byzantine Empire, would endure and often flourish for another eleven centuries. Though its capital would move to Constantinople, its citizens referred to themselves as Roman for the entire duration of the empire’s existence. Indeed, so did its neighbors, allies, and enemies: When the Turkish Sultan Mehmet II conquered Constantinople in 1453, he took the title Caesar of Rome, placing himself in a direct line that led back to Augustus.

For far too many otherwise historically savvy people today, the story of the Byzantine civilization is something of a void. Yet for more than a millennium, Byzantium reigned as the glittering seat of Christian civilization. When Europe fell into the Dark Ages, Byzantium held fast against Muslim expansion, keeping Christianity alive. When literacy all but vanished in the West, Byzantium made primary education available to both sexes. Students debated the merits of Plato and Aristotle and commonly committed the entirety of Homer’s Iliad to memory. Streams of wealth flowed into Constantinople, making possible unprecedented wonders of art and architecture, from fabulous jeweled mosaics and other iconography to the great church known as the Hagia Sophia that was a vision of heaven on earth. The dome of the Great Palace stood nearly two hundred feet high and stretched over four acres, and the city’s population was more than twenty times that of London’s.

From Constantine, who founded his eponymous city in the year 330, to Constantine XI, who valiantly fought the empire’s final battle more than a thousand years later, the emperors who ruled Byzantium enacted a saga of political intrigue and conquest as astonishing as anything in recorded history. Lost to the West is replete with stories of assassination, mass mutilation and execution, sexual scheming, ruthless grasping for power, and clashing armies that soaked battlefields with the blood of slain warriors numbering in the tens of thousands.

Still, it was Byzantium that preserved for us today the great gifts of the classical world. Of the 55,000 ancient Greek texts in existence today, some 40,000 were transmitted to us by Byzantine scribes. And it was the Byzantine Empire that shielded Western Europe from invasion until it was ready to take its own place at the center of the world stage. Filled with unforgettable stories of emperors, generals, and religious patriarchs, as well as fascinating glimpses into the life of the ordinary citizen, Lost to the West reveals how much we owe to this empire that was the equal of any in its achievements, appetites, and enduring legacy.