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From Ancient Greek philosophy to the French Revolution to the

modern welfare state, in Authority and the Individual

Bertrand Russell tackles the perennial questions about the balance

between authority and human freedom. With characteristic clarity

and deep understanding, he explores the formation and purpose of

society, education, moral evolution and social, economical and

intellectual progress. First of the famous BBC Reith lectures, this

wonderful collection delivers Russell at his intellectual best.

Prefatory Note

Introduction

1. Social Cohesion and Human Nature

2. Social Cohesion and Government

3. The Role of the Individual

4. The Conflict of Technique and Human Nature

5. Control and Initiative: their Respective Spheres

6. Individual and Social Ethics

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970). A celebrated mathematician and

logician, Russell was and remains one of the most genuinely widely

read and popular philosophers of modern times.

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我想不出由于成吉思汗的存在人类得到了什么。我不知道什么好事情是罗伯斯庇尔带来的，对我而言，我也看不出有任何理由要感谢列宁。

先知、神秘主义者、诗人、科学发明家，身心都被一种超越俗世的视界统占，骨子里离群索居；当此种（超世）冲动极强烈时，他们无法违背内心深切相信来屈从权威。因此他们常在当时遭受迫害，却往往得到后世极高尊崇。又恰恰是这类人，把世间之极珍贵价值带给我们——不只在信仰、艺术、科学，还有我们对他人的共情，对社会职责理解的完善，和所有其他——这一切都极大程度上有赖那些，思想和情感皆不屈于世的孤独探索者。 ...prophets, mystics, poets, scientific discoverers, are men whose lives are dominated by a vision; they are essentially solitary men. When their dominant impulse is strong, they feel that they cannot obey authority if it runs counter to what they profoundly believe to be good. Although, on this account, they are often persecuted in their own day, they are apt to be, of all men, those to whom posterity pays the highest honour. It is such men who put into the world the things that we most value, not only in religion, in art, and in science, but also in our way of feeling towards our neighbour, for i...

如果人的生命不至落满尘灰而无趣，须意识到世间尚有事物，其价值在自身不在实用。事物所以有用，因其乃实现某一‘目的’的工具，而这‘目的’，若非再度只是有用，必包含自身价值，否则所求‘有用’，又用在何为？

If human life is not to become dusty and uninteresting it is important to realise that there are things that have a value which is quite independent of utility. What is useful because it is a means of something else, and the something else, if it is not in turn merely a means, must be valued for its own sake, for otherwise the usefulness is illusory.

所有伟大的宗教引路人，所有伟大的艺术家和智性开拓者，在履行他们创造冲动时，都流露出强大的道德责任感，并在创作实现时体验到德性的升华。这情感是福音所说的对上帝责任的基础，并且（我重复一遍）和神学信仰相区分。

All great religious leaders, and also all great artists and intellectual discoverers, have shown a sense of moral compulsion to fulfil their creative impulses, and a sense of moral exaltation when they have done so. This emotion is the basis of what the Gospels call duty to God, and is (I repeat) separable from theological belief.

现代技术已经使增强政府控制的强度成为可能,在极权主义国 家里,这种可能已经被非常充分地理应了。在战争的压力下,或者在战争的恐惧下，或者作为极权主义征服的结果，世界上某种程度的个人自由能幸存下来的地方可能会越来越少，而且即使在哪些地方，自由也会越来越多的受到限制。没有多少理由认为由此产生的体制会不稳定，但它几乎肯定是呆滞和失去进步动力的。……由于这一原因，眼下强调个人价值甚至比过去任何时候都更加必要。

……随着人们变得越来越工业化和组织化，孩子当中普遍存在的那种喜悦对成年人来说变得不可能了，因为他们总是想着下一件事情而无法让自己沉浸于此刻。对任何一种审美价值来说，这种想着“下一件事情”的习惯比任何其他能想到的思考习惯都更要命，在所有重要的意义上，如果艺术要生存下去，它就不能通过建立各种庄严的学院，而是要通过重新获得那种已经差不多被谨小慎微和深谋远虑毁掉的全身心的悲喜能力来实现。

As men grow more industrialised and regimented, the kind of delight that is common in children becomes impossible to adults, because they are always thinking of the next thing,and cannot let themselves be absorbed in the moment. This habit of thinking of the ‘next thing’ is more fatal to any kind of aesthetic excellence than any other habit of mind that can be imagined, and if art, in any important sense, is to survive, it will not be by the foundation of solemn academies, but by recapturing the capacity for wholehearted joys and sorrows which prudence and foresight have all but destroyed

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From Ancient Greek philosophy to the French Revolution to the modern welfare state, in Authority and the Individual Bertrand Russell tackles the perennial questions about the balance between authority and human freedom. With characteristic clarity and deep understanding, he explores the formation and purpose of society, education, moral evolution and social, economical and intellectual progress. First of the famous BBC Reith lectures, this wonderful collection delivers Russell at his intellectual best.